Trafic international de drogue : Le Sahel et l’Afrique de l’Ouest parmi les foyers mondiaux
Cet espace géographique accueille au quotidien des cargaisons de cocaïne et d’héroïne, en provenance d’Amérique Latine et d’Afghanistan.
Zone traditionnelle de contrebande en raison de ses multiples voies de circulation entre l’Afrique saharienne et le Maghreb, le Sahel est considéré depuis longtemps comme un foyer de trafic et de contrebande de cannabis principalement cultivé au Maroc. Au début du XXI eme siècle, la partie Nord-Ouest de l’Afrique s’est érigée en haut lieu du commerce de drogue toutes catégories confondues. Le trafic des stupéfiants a entraîné la naissance des groupes criminels bien structurés, disposant de moyens financiers et militaires accrus. Parmi les organisations terroristes ayant bâti leur influence sur le trafic de drogue, on peut citer Bokom Haram. L’industrie de la drogue installée en Amérique du Sud, utilise les routes le long du 10 eme parallèle pour pénétrer par l’Afrique de l’Ouest.
Ce trafic est en outre aggravé, par la présence de la cocaïne et de l’héroïne provenant d’Afghanistan, et transitant aussi par cette zone ainsi que la côte Est de l’Afrique. La drogue est ensuite acheminée vers le Tchad, le Mali, le Niger, le Maroc et l’Algérie. Les frontières de ces pays offrent une porosité extraordinaire. Cela facilite l’acheminement de la drogue vers l’Europe. Selon l’Office des Nations Unies contre la Drogue et le Crime (ONUDC), en 2012, 50 tonnes de cocaïne d’un montant de 2 milliards de dollars et équivalant aux PNB de la Guinée et de la Sierra Leone réunis ont transité par l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Le montant des transactions liées au trafic de la drogue en l’Afrique de l’Ouest dépasse le budget de bon nombre d’Etats sahéliens. L’essentiel de la cocaïne passe par le Ghana, la Guinée Bissau, le Cap Vert et la Guinée Conakry.
Ces Etats constituent des plaques tournantes depuis lesquelles, des mules voyageant à bord des vols commerciaux transportent la drogue jusqu’à leur destination finale. Le nouveau rapport de l’ONUDC indique que la cocaïne n’est pas le seul produit qui transite par l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Ses auteurs s’inquiètent de l’émergence de la production de méthamphétamine au Nigeria, où deux laboratoires ont été repérés en 2011 et 2012, ainsi que le nombre de mules qui auraient transporté l’équivalent de 360 millions de ce stupéfiant vers l’Afrique de l’Afrique de l’Est en 2010. Les zones de départ sont en constante évolution. La baisse de la production colombienne, a permis la hausse de celles du Venezuela, de la Bolivie et du Pérou. Le Brésil se développe depuis quelques années comme zone de transit et plaque tournante.
Les zones d’arrivée se diversifient et se déplacent vers le Golfe de Guinée (Ghana-Togo-Bénin- Nigeria). Les anciennes cargaisons transportées par voies maritimes commerciales, laissent la place à de petites quantités à bord de vecteurs multiples, aussi bien maritimes qu’aériens. Le Nigeria, le Ghana, le Bénin et le Togo représentent une zone d’arrivée et de transit sous le contrôle des groupes nigérians. Avec la hausse de la production et de la consommation de la drogue, la piraterie et l’instabilité politique, l’Afrique de l’Ouest pose un défi important tant elle ne constitue plus simplement une voie de transit, mais aussi une destination finale pour la revente des stupéfiants. Ce trafic de drogue est aggravé par les liens tissés entre les narcotrafiquants, les gouvernants et les appareils sécuritaires de la région ainsi que certains groupes terroristes présents au Sahel, tel que le Mouvement d’Unité pour le Jihad en Afrique de l’Ouest (MUJAO). 25% de la cocaïne à destination de l’Europe transite par l’Afrique de l’Ouest.
## Grasping the Value of Link Building
SAAS-specific link building SEO (Dorothea) building involves acquiring backlinks from other webpages to your own. Those links are seen as approvals of trust by Google.
The more high-quality hyperlinks you get, the better your site’s likelihood of ranking better on search engine results pages.
## Categories of Backlinks
### Editorial Links
Organic links are earned without any effort from the site owner.
These links happen when other websites discover your articles valuable and cite it.
### Manual Links
Manual links require actively seeking links from
other sites. This can involve reaching out to website owners, asking for backlinks to your site.
### User-Generated Links
Self-Created links are made by adding your site’s link to blog
comments. Even though these links may give a immediate increase,
they frequently have poor quality and can lead to penalties from search
engines.
## Successful Link Building Strategies
### Content Creation & Promotion
Creating valuable articles that naturally earns links is a fundamental technique for
successful link building. Listed below are some advice:
- Write informative articles that answer common questions in your niche.
- Develop charts that show complex information in an digestible way.
- Write comprehensive tutorials on subjects that are considered relevant to
your readers.
### Guest Posting
Guest blogging is an additional efficient way to build
authoritative hyperlinks. This involves writing articles for other blogs in your niche.
Ensure that your guest blogs maintain high value and have
a link to your website.
### Broken Link Repairing
Broken link building is a method that includes discovering broken links
on other websites and recommending your content as
a alternative. This doesn’t just aids the website owner
repair their broken link but also provides you a valuable backlink.
### Connecting and Networking
Building networks with other influencers in your niche is a long-term strategy for
acquiring backlinks. Below are some steps
to take:
- Participate in online communities pertaining to your field.
- Promote other users’ content and provide valuable comments.
- Partner on shared efforts such as ebooks.
### Social Networks
Distributing your articles on social networks can enhance its visibility
and likelihood to acquire links. Participate with your audience on platforms
like Twitter and Pinterest to create a strong digital footprint.
## Measuring the Success of Your Link Building
Campaign
### Tools for Link Analysis
Several software are available to help you measure the
effectiveness of your link building campaign. Some commonly used tools
such as:
- GA
- Ahrefs
- Moz’s Link Explorer
- SEMrush’s Tools
- Majestic SEO
### Indicators to Monitor
When assessing the success of your link building campaign, take into
account the following metrics:
- DA
- PA
- Amount of linking domains
- Relevance of links
- Traffic coming from links
### Tweaking Your Plan
According to the data gathered from your assessment, tweak
your link building approach to enhance its performance.
It might include concentrating on other categories of content, targeting new websites,
or refining your communication method.
## Frequent Pitfalls in Link Building and How to
Overcome Them
### Bad Links
Among the typical errors is obtaining low-quality
links from unrelated or spammy sites. Such hyperlinks may harm
your webpage’s online presence.
### Over-Optimization
Employing exact-match anchor text excessively can result in punishments from Bing.
Target a balanced variety of link text.
### Overlooking Nofollow Tags
While nofollow attributes aren’t pass ranking value,
they may nevertheless generate traffic and build recognition.
## Emerging Trends in Link Building
### Machine Learning and Backlink Acquisition
With the advancement of machine learning, link building strategies are turning more complex.
Machine learning software can aid in identifying valuable
link opportunities and forecasting their impact on search
engine ranking.
### Voice-Activated Search and SEO
The rise of voice-activated search has been changing the way data is retrieved.
This is likely to influence hyperlink strategies by changing
importance to conversational queries and specific keywords.
## Conclusion
Successful link building is a crucial component of search
engine optimization. By grasping the significance of reputable links, applying diverse strategies,
and regularly evaluating your efforts, you will improve your site’s ranking and reach greater rankings on Google.
By keeping informed with the latest trends and avoiding common pitfalls,
you will navigate the ever-changing world of search engine optimization and achieve enduring success.
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Trafic international de drogue : Le Sahel et l’Afrique de l’Ouest parmi les foyers mondiaux · africana.com
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